The plains of Punjab do not have any thick forests

The plains of Punjab do not have any thick forests. The only available flora are patches of grass, small bushes, and shrubs. In the southeastern part of Punjab and the areas of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Multan, mangoes are grown. Other varieties of fruit grown in abundance are oranges, apples, figs, quinces, almonds, pomegranates, peaches, mulberries, apricots and plums.
Major cultivation of rich flora and fauna can be seen in the Shivalik ranges. Due its rich flora and fauna, it has been termed a micro-endemic zone of India. There is a wide variety of angiosperms in the area, including 355 types of herbs, 70 types of trees, 70 types of shrubs of all sizes, 19 types of climbers, and 21 types of twines. Besides angiosperms, the region is home to 31 kinds of pteridophytes and 27 kinds of bryophytes, while a special species of gymnosperm named Pinus roxburghii can be seen in the ranges of Punjab.
The fauna of the area is rich, with 396 types of birds, 214 kinds of Lepidoptera, 55 varieties of fish, 20 types of reptiles, and 19 kinds of mammals. The state of Punjab has large wetland areas, bird sanctuaries that house numerous species of birds, and many zoological parks. Wetlands include the national wetland Hari-Ke-Pattan, the wetland of Kanjli, and the wetlands of Kapurthala Sutlej. Wildlife sanctuaries include the Harike in the district of Tarn Taran Sahib, the Zoological Park in Rupnagar, Chhatbir Bansar Garden in Sangrur, Aam Khas Bagh in Sirhind, Amritsar’s famous Ram Bagh, Shalimar Garden in Kapurthala, and the famous Baradari Garden in the city of Patiala.[38]
Animals and birds[edit]
A few of the rivers in Punjab have dangerous species of crocodiles. The extraction of silk from silkworms is another industry that flourishes in the state. Production of bee honey is done in some parts of Punjab. The southern plains are desert land; hence, camels can be seen. Buffaloes graze around the banks of rivers. The northeastern part is home to animals like horses. The desert area has dangerous species of snakes like the cobra and sangehur. Wildlife sanctuaries have many more species of wild animals like the otter, wild boar, wildcat, fruit bat, hog deer, flying fox, squirrel and mongoose.
Naturally-formed forests can be seen in the Shivalik ranges in the districts of Ropar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur. Patiala is home to the Bir forest while the wetlands area in Punjab is home to the famous Mand forest.[39]
Botanical gardens exist throughout Punjab. There is a zoological park and a tiger safari park, as well as three parks dedicated to deer.[39]
The state bird is the baz (northern goshawk).[40] (Melierax poliopterus), the state animal is the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and the state tree is the shisham (Dalbergia sissoo).[35]

The Cis-Sutlej states, including Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar

The Cis-Sutlej states, including Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, and Faridkot, were under the suzerainty of the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803-1805, when Marathas lost this territory to the British. During the war, some of the states in the region gave their allegiance to British General Gerard Lake. At the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War, an 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Sikh Empire west of the Sutlej, brought these states under formal British protection.[21][27][28]
Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos, and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. By 1845 the British had moved 32,000 troops to the Sutlej frontier to secure their northernmost possessions against the succession struggles in the Punjab. In late 1845, British and Sikh troops engaged near Firozpur, beginning the First Anglo-Sikh War. The war ended the following year, and the territory between the Sutlej and the Beas was ceded to British Company rule in India, along with Kashmir, which was sold to Gulab Singh of Jammu, who ruled Kashmir as a British vassal.
As a condition of the peace treaty, some British troops, along with a resident political agent and other officials, were left in the Punjab to oversee the regency of Maharaja Dhalip Singh, a minor. The Sikh army was reduced greatly in size. In 1848, out-of-work Sikh troops in Multan revolted, and a British official was killed. Within a few months, the unrest had spread throughout the Punjab, and British troops once again invaded. The British prevailed in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and under the Treaty of Lahore in 1849, the Punjab was annexed by the British East India Company, and Dhalip Singh was pensioned off. The Punjab became a province of British India, although a number of small states, most notably Patiala, Kapurthala, Faridkot, Nabha, and Jind, retained local rulers in subsidiary alliances with the British, with the rulers retaining their own internal sovereignty but recognizing British suzerainty.[29]
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 occurred in Amritsar. In 1930, the Indian National Congress proclaimed independence from Lahore. In March 1940, the all-India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority areas in India. The ambiguity of the Lahore Resolution sparked violent protests, in which Punjab became a central stage.[30]
In 1946, massive communal tensions and violence erupted between the Punjab's Muslim majority and the Hindu and Sikh minorities. The Muslim League attacked the government of Unionist Punjabi Muslims, Sikh Akalis and the Congress and led to its downfall. Unwilling to be cowed down, Sikhs and Hindus counter-attacked, and the resulting bloodshed left the province in great disorder. Both Congress and League leaders agreed to partition Punjab upon religious lines, a precursor to the wider partition of the country

in 1947 the Punjab Province of British India

in 1947 the Punjab Province of British India was partitioned along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. Huge numbers of people were displaced, and there was much intercommunal violence. Following independence, several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, acceded to the Union of India and were united into the PEPSU. In 1956 this was integrated with the state of East Punjab to create a new, enlarged Indian state called simply "Punjab".
The undivided Punjab, of which Pakistani Punjab forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs until 1947, apart from the Muslim majority.[32]
Immediately following independence in 1947, and due to the ensuing communal violence and fear, most Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan migrated to India as part of the exchange of populations.[33] Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab, which now forms part of India.[34] More than seven million moved to Pakistan, and over six million settled in Punjab.
In 1950, two new states were recognised by the Indian constitution: the Indian part of the former British province of Punjab became the state of East Punjab, while the princely states of the region were combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). Himachal Pradesh was later created as a union territory from several princely states in the hills The capital city of the undivided Province of Punjab, Lahore, was allocated to the Pakistani West Punjab during the partition of British India in 1947, so a new capital for Indian Punjab was built at Chandigarh. Shimla was named temporary capital of the Punjab until Chandigarh was completed in 1960.
After years of protest by Akali Dal and other Sikh organisations, finally Punjab was divided on a linguistic basis in 1966. On 1 November 1966, the Hindi-speaking southern half of Punjab became a separate state, and Haryana and the Pahari-speaking hilly areas in the north became Himachal Pradesh. Chandigarh was on the border between Punjab and Haryana and became a union territory that serves as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. During the 1970s, the Green Revolution brought increased economic prosperity for the Punjab, mainly due to the late Pratap Singh Kairon. However, a growing polarisation between the Indian National Congress central government and the main Sikh political party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, developed during the 1970s. Hostility and bitterness arose from what was widely seen by the Akali Dal as increasing alienation, centralisation and discriminatory attitudes towards Punjab by the Government of India. This prompted the Shiromani Akali Dal to pass the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, which asked for granting maximum autonomy to the region of Punjab and other states and limited role and powers of the Central Government.

Punjab is in northwestern India and has an area of 50, 362

Punjab is in northwestern India and has an area of 50, 362 {block|rectangle|pillow} kilometres (19, 445 sq mi). It extends from the latitudes 29. {35|40|31}? North to 32. {thirty-two|thirty two}? North and longitudes 73. 55? East to seventy six. 50? East. {It really is|It truly is|It can be} bordered on the west by Pakistan, on the north by Jammu and Kashmir, on the northeast by Himachal Pradesh and the south by Haryana and Rajasthan.
Most of the Punjab lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with many rivers and an {intensive|comprehensive} irrigation canal system.[35] A seatbelt of undulating hills {stretches|expands|runs} along the northeastern {section of the|area of the|portion of the} state at the {feet|ft .} of the Himalayas. {The|Their|It is} average elevation is three hundred metres (980 ft) above sea level, with {a number|a variety} from 180 metres (590 ft) in the {south west|freebie southwest|free airline} to more than five-hundred metres (1, 600 ft) around the northeast {boundary|edge|line}. The southwest of the state is semiarid, eventually merging {in to the|in the} Thar {Wilderness|Wasteland|Leave}. The Shiwalik Hills {lengthen|expand|prolong} along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas.
The soil characteristics are influenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and {mother or father|father or mother|parent or guardian} rock. The variation in soil profile characteristics are much more pronounced {due to} regional climatic differences. Punjab is divided into 3 distinct regions on the basis of soil types: southwestern, central, and {far eastern|asian|east}.
Punjab falls under seismic zones II, III, and IV. Zone II is considered a low-damage risk zone; zone III {is recognized as|is known as|is regarded as} a moderate-damage risk {area|sector|region}; and zone IV {is recognized as|is known as|is regarded as} a high-damage risk {area|sector|region}The geography and subtropical latitudinal location of Punjab business lead to large variations in temperature from month to month. Even though only limited regions experience {temps|temperature ranges|conditions} below 0? C (32? F), ground frost {is usually|is often} found in the {vast majority|the greater part|bulk} of Punjab {throughout the|through the} winter season. The temperature {increases|goes up|soars} {steadily|little by little|slowly but surely} with high {moisture|dampness|humidness} and overcast skies. {Nevertheless ,|Yet ,} the rise in {heat is|temp is|temperatures is} steep when the sky is clear and humidity is low.
The maximum temperatures usually occur in mid-May and June. The temperature remains above 40? C (104? F) in {the whole|the complete} region during this period. Ludhiana recorded {the greatest|the best|the very best} maximum {heat|temp|temperatures} at 46. 1? C (115. 0? F) with Patiala and Amritsar {documenting|saving} 45. 5? C (113. 9? F). The maximum temperature during the {summer time|summer season|summertime} in Ludhiana remains above 41? C (106? F) for a duration of 1/2 months. These areas experience the lowest {temps|temperature ranges|conditions} in January. {Sunlight|The sunlight|Direct sunlight} {sun rays are|light are} oblique {over these|of these} {weeks|a few months|several weeks} and the cold wind gusts control the temperature at daytime.[37]
Punjab {encounters|activities|experience} its minimum temperature from December to February. The lowest temperature was {documented|noted|registered} at Amritsar (0. 2? C (32. 4? F)) and Ludhiana stood second with 0. 5? C (32. 9? F). The minimum temperature of the region remains below 5? C (41? F) for almost two months {throughout the|through the} winter season. The {greatest|maximum|top} minimum temperature of these regions in June is more than the {day time|day|regular} maximum temperatures experienced in January and February. Ludhiana {encounters|activities|experience} minimum temperatures above 27? C (81? F) for more than two months. The {total annual|twelve-monthly|gross annual} average temperature in {the whole|the complete} {condition is|express is|point out is} approximately 21? C (70? F). Further, the mean monthly temperature range varies between 9? C (48? F) in {This summer|Come july 1st|September} to approximately 18? C (64? F) in {Nov|The fall of}