Most of the Punjab lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with many rivers and an {intensive|comprehensive} irrigation canal system.[35] A seatbelt of undulating hills {stretches|expands|runs} along the northeastern {section of the|area of the|portion of the} state at the {feet|ft .} of the Himalayas. {The|Their|It is} average elevation is three hundred metres (980 ft) above sea level, with {a number|a variety} from 180 metres (590 ft) in the {south west|freebie southwest|free airline} to more than five-hundred metres (1, 600 ft) around the northeast {boundary|edge|line}. The southwest of the state is semiarid, eventually merging {in to the|in the} Thar {Wilderness|Wasteland|Leave}. The Shiwalik Hills {lengthen|expand|prolong} along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas.
The soil characteristics are influenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and {mother or father|father or mother|parent or guardian} rock. The variation in soil profile characteristics are much more pronounced {due to} regional climatic differences. Punjab is divided into 3 distinct regions on the basis of soil types: southwestern, central, and {far eastern|asian|east}.
Punjab falls under seismic zones II, III, and IV. Zone II is considered a low-damage risk zone; zone III {is recognized as|is known as|is regarded as} a moderate-damage risk {area|sector|region}; and zone IV {is recognized as|is known as|is regarded as} a high-damage risk {area|sector|region}The geography and subtropical latitudinal location of Punjab business lead to large variations in temperature from month to month. Even though only limited regions experience {temps|temperature ranges|conditions} below 0? C (32? F), ground frost {is usually|is often} found in the {vast majority|the greater part|bulk} of Punjab {throughout the|through the} winter season. The temperature {increases|goes up|soars} {steadily|little by little|slowly but surely} with high {moisture|dampness|humidness} and overcast skies. {Nevertheless ,|Yet ,} the rise in {heat is|temp is|temperatures is} steep when the sky is clear and humidity is low.
The maximum temperatures usually occur in mid-May and June. The temperature remains above 40? C (104? F) in {the whole|the complete} region during this period. Ludhiana recorded {the greatest|the best|the very best} maximum {heat|temp|temperatures} at 46. 1? C (115. 0? F) with Patiala and Amritsar {documenting|saving} 45. 5? C (113. 9? F). The maximum temperature during the {summer time|summer season|summertime} in Ludhiana remains above 41? C (106? F) for a duration of 1/2 months. These areas experience the lowest {temps|temperature ranges|conditions} in January. {Sunlight|The sunlight|Direct sunlight} {sun rays are|light are} oblique {over these|of these} {weeks|a few months|several weeks} and the cold wind gusts control the temperature at daytime.[37]
Punjab {encounters|activities|experience} its minimum temperature from December to February. The lowest temperature was {documented|noted|registered} at Amritsar (0. 2? C (32. 4? F)) and Ludhiana stood second with 0. 5? C (32. 9? F). The minimum temperature of the region remains below 5? C (41? F) for almost two months {throughout the|through the} winter season. The {greatest|maximum|top} minimum temperature of these regions in June is more than the {day time|day|regular} maximum temperatures experienced in January and February. Ludhiana {encounters|activities|experience} minimum temperatures above 27? C (81? F) for more than two months. The {total annual|twelve-monthly|gross annual} average temperature in {the whole|the complete} {condition is|express is|point out is} approximately 21? C (70? F). Further, the mean monthly temperature range varies between 9? C (48? F) in {This summer|Come july 1st|September} to approximately 18? C (64? F) in {Nov|The fall of}
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